Cushing in dogs: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
Cushing’s disease in dogs, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a hormonal disorder in which the body produces too much cortisol. This can lead to skin problems, muscle weakness, excessive thirst and urination, and a distended abdomen. The condition is usually chronic and is often mistaken for normal ageing. What symptoms indicate Cushing’s? How does a veterinarian make the diagnosis? And what treatment options are available? In this article, you can read all about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments for dogs with Cushing’s.
What is Cushing’s disease in dogs?
Cushing’s disease in dogs is a condition in which the adrenal glands produce too much cortisol. This stress hormone regulates metabolism, blood pressure and immune function, among other things, but a prolonged excess can be harmful. Cushing’s disease is caused by a tumour in the pituitary gland (85% of cases) or in the adrenal glands (15%).Which dogs are more prone to Cushing’s disease?
Some breeds are more likely to develop Cushing’s:- Poodles
- Dachshunds
- Beagles
- Terriers (including Border, Yorkshire and Jack Russell)
- Boxers
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s in dogs?
The most common symptoms of Cushing’s are:- Increased water intake and urination
- Excessive appetite
- Thinning skin and hair loss, particularly on the flanks and tail
- A swollen abdomen (‘potbelly’) due to fat accumulation
- Reduced muscle strength and stamina
- Excessive panting, even at rest
What lesser-known symptoms might a dog with Cushing’s disease have?
In addition to these symptoms, some dogs may develop the following complaints:- Skin problems such as blackheads, dark pigmentation, thickened skin
- Diabetes mellitus as a result of high cortisol levels
- Urinary tract infections due to a weakened immune system
- Slow wound healing
- Absence of oestrus in bitches
How is Cushing’s disease diagnosed in dogs?
Diagnosing Cushing’s is not straightforward and requires various tests.Which tests are used to detect Cushing’s disease in dogs?
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Urine analysis:
- A cortisol-to-creatinine ratio test in morning urine can provide an initial indication of Cushing’s.
- A three-day urine analysis increases the reliability of this test.
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Blood tests:
- ACTH stimulation test: Checks how the adrenal glands respond to ACTH (the hormone that stimulates cortisol production).
- Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test (LDDST): Measures whether the body can suppress cortisol production under the influence of dexamethasone. This helps to distinguish between pituitary-dependent (85%) and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (15%).
- Imaging:
- Ultrasound can show whether the adrenal glands are enlarged or asymmetrical, which may indicate a tumour.
- MRI or CT scans are sometimes used, particularly if a pituitary tumour is suspected.
What are the treatment options for Cushing’s in dogs?
The treatment of Cushing’s disease in dogs depends on the causes and severity of the condition.Which medication helps with Cushing’s in dogs?
Vetoryl® (trilostane) is the most commonly used medication and inhibits cortisol production in the adrenal glands. This medication is administered for life and requires regular blood tests to determine the correct dosage.Is surgery an option for Cushing’s disease?
Yes, especially if the disease is caused by an adrenal tumour. In some cases, surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland can lead to a complete cure. A large pituitary tumour can also be surgically removed, but this procedure is complex and is rarely performed.What role does nutrition play in dogs with Cushing’s disease?
A modified diet supports treatment:- Low in fat to reduce the burden on the pancreas.
- Lower in carbohydrates and sugars to reduce the risk of diabetes.
- High-quality proteins for muscle maintenance.
- Omega-3 fatty acids for healthier skin and coat.
What is the prognosis for a dog with Cushing’s?
The prognosis depends on the cause and treatment:- Dogs receiving medication live on average 2 to 4 years after diagnosis with a good quality of life.
- Adrenal tumours can be successfully removed, with a normal life expectancy if there are no metastases.
- Untreated dogs often develop additional complications such as muscle wasting, infections and diabetes, which shorten life expectancy.
Frequently asked questions about Cushing’s disease in dogs
Can Cushing’s disease be cured?
Cushing’s can only be definitively cured if an adrenal tumour is successfully removed surgically. In the case of a pituitary tumour, medication is usually the only option to keep the symptoms under control.How quickly does a dog improve after starting treatment?
Within 2 to 4 weeks of starting Vetoryl® , symptoms such as excessive drinking and appetite often subside. Hair loss and skin problems improve within a few months.Is Cushing’s disease contagious to other pets?
No, Cushing’s disease is not contagious and affects only the individual dog.Are there any side effects from Cushing’s medication?
Yes, side effects of Vetoryl® may include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and a loss of appetite. Regular blood tests are necessary to avoid overdose.What happens if Cushing’s remains untreated?
An untreated dog may develop severe muscle wasting, immune problems, high blood pressure, diabetes and, ultimately, kidney or heart failure.Conclusion
Cushing’s disease in dogs is a chronic hormonal disorder that is common in older dogs and certain breeds. Early recognition of symptoms such as excessive thirst, hair loss and a swollen abdomen is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. The best treatment option is medication with Vetoryl, but surgical procedures are also possible for adrenal tumours. A tailored diet and regular check-ups are necessary to prevent complications and maintain the dog’s quality of life. Does your dog have symptoms of Cushing’s disease? Contact your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan!Share
