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Alfalfa is a calcium-rich, protein-dense forage often used to support gastric comfort in horses, especially when stomach acid may irritate the upper (squamous) stomach. In research, horses fed alfalfa had higher gastric pH and fewer, less severe squamous lesions compared with some grass-hay diets, suggesting a buffering effect when used appropriately in the ration. It also supplies highly usable protein and key minerals that can helpmaintaintopline and overall condition in growing horses, broodmares, and hard keepers. (Nadeau et al., 2000; Verhelst, 2025)

Algal oil is a sustainable, traceable source of omega-3s, naturally rich in DHA and often EPA, and it supports the body’s healthy inflammatory balance. 

• Joint health: Omega-3s help keep the normal inflammatory response in check, which can support more comfortable movement and recovery after exercise. 
• Skin and coat: DHA and EPA support the skin barrier, helping reduce dryness and supporting a softer, shinier coat, especially in animals prone to flaky skin or seasonal itchiness. 
• Lung health: Omega-3s can support respiratory comfort by helping maintain a balanced inflammatory response in the airways, which is relevant for pets that react to dust, pollen, or environmental triggers. 

Because algal oil delivers omega-3s in a consistent way, it is a practical alternative to fish oil for long-term daily support of joints, skin, and respiratory resilience (ScienceDirect). 

Alpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme responsible for breaking down complex starch molecules into smaller sugars that can be absorbed in the digestive tract. Efficient starch digestion supports balanced nutrient absorption and digestive efficiency. Richards et. al., 2003

In animals consuming carbohydrate-containing diets, enzymatic activity helps facilitate the breakdown of starch before it reaches the hindgut, where excessive fermentation can sometimes contribute to digestive disturbances.

For this reason, supplemental enzymes such as alpha-amylase are sometimes included in digestive formulations to support nutrient digestion and maintain gastrointestinal stability.

Apple (Malus domestica) is a natural source of pectin, a soluble fiber known for its role in supporting digestive health. Pectin forms a gel-like structure in the gut, which helps regulate intestinal transit and contributes to normal stool consistency.

As a fermentable fiber, pectin serves as a substrate for beneficial gut bacteria. This supports a balanced microbiome, which plays an important role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall gut health.

The gut and nervous system are closely connected through the gut–brain axis. Supporting a stable gut environment can therefore contribute to overall wellbeing and a more balanced response to everyday stressors. This makes pectin relevant not only for digestive support but also as part of a broader approach to maintaining calm and comfort in sensitive animals (Wikiera, 2014; Zaitseva, 2020).

Apple pulp is a fiber-rich ingredient derived from apples (Malus domestica) after juice extraction. It contains soluble and insoluble fibers, including pectin, which contribute to maintaining normal digestive function and supporting a balanced intestinal environment.

Dietary fibers such as pectin can help support beneficial microbial activity in the hindgut, which plays an important role in equine digestion. A balanced hindgut microbiome supports nutrient absorption and overall digestive stability.

Because of its natural fiber content and palatability, apple pulp is often included in equine nutrition to complement forage-based diets and support digestive wellbeing while contributing to overall nutritional balance.

L-arginine is a functional amino acid involved in several important metabolic pathways. One of its key roles is serving as a precursor for nitric oxide, a signaling molecule that helps regulate blood flow and vascular function.

Healthy circulation supports the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues with high renewal needs, such as the skin and hoof. This makes arginine relevant for dogs in formulas aimed at maintaining healthy skin, and for horses where hoof quality and metabolic balance are important.

Nitric oxide is also involved in normal skin physiology, including barrier function, immune signaling, and tissue renewal. Through its role in nitric oxide production, arginine contributes to overall tissue resilience and physiological balance (E Seifter, 1978; Siani, 2013).

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a nutrient-rich microalgae known for its high protein content and abundance of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant pigments. It contains essential amino acids as well as bioactive compounds such as phycocyanin and beta-carotene. 

These pigments have been widely studied for their antioxidant properties and their role in supporting healthy tissues and cellular protection. Antioxidants help maintain normal skin integrity and support hair follicle health, both important factors for a healthy coat (Aksoy, 2024). 

Because skin and coat condition often reflect overall nutritional balance, spirulina is sometimes included in pet nutrition as a natural source of protein, micronutrients, and antioxidant compounds that contribute to overall vitality (Cabrita, 2025).

Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic root traditionally used to support resilience during stress. In dogs, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated a standardized ashwagandha root extract in dogs experiencing stress and anxiety, supporting its use as a calming, daily-support botanical. It is best positioned for mild to moderate stress support alongside training routines and predictable daily structure. ScienceDirect

Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid, usually sourced from microalgae, and is used in horses to support antioxidant protection and recovery, especially around training and competition. It helps protect cells from oxidative stress generated during exercise and can support healthy muscle recovery and overall resilience. 

What makes astaxanthin stand out is its very strong antioxidant activity. In the scientific literature, astaxanthin has been reported to be more than 100 times stronger than vitamin E at protecting fats from oxidation (lipid peroxidation) in laboratory comparisons, and even higher for certain oxidative reactions, depending on the test method. (ScienceDirect) 

In horses, recent peer-reviewed studies in racing horses found that astaxanthin supplementation was associated with reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and improved antioxidant status, supporting its use as part of a performance and recovery plan. (nature.com) 

Oatmeal derived from oats (Avena sativa) provides a dense source of essential nutrients including zinc, iron, and B vitamins (European Journal of Nutrition). These micronutrients play important roles in metabolic pathways involved in normal hormone production and reproductive physiology.

Zinc and iron contribute to enzymatic processes that are important for cellular metabolism and tissue development, while B vitamins support energy metabolism and the synthesis of hormones and signaling molecules. Maintaining adequate levels of these nutrients is particularly important for broodmares before breeding and during pregnancy, when nutrient demands increase to support both the mare and the developing foal. (Kelleher, S.L., 2009)

Because of its balanced nutritional profile and high digestibility, oatmeal is often included in equine breeding rations to help maintain metabolic balance and support overall reproductive nutrition.

Bacillus subtilis is a spore-forming probiotic bacterium that is valued for its stability and ability to survive harsh conditions such as stomach acid. Once in the digestive tract, it can contribute to maintaining a balanced gut microbiome.

This strain has been studied in animal nutrition for its role in supporting digestive function, including its interaction with gut bacteria and its contribution to a stable intestinal environment. A balanced microbiome is important for nutrient digestion and overall gut health.

Because of its resilience and activity in the gut, Bacillus subtilis is often used to support digestive stability and maintain normal stool quality in dogs with sensitive digestion (ScienceDirect, 2020; Portella Félix; 2010).

Sugar beet pulp is a highly fermentable fiber often used in horse diets to support healthy hindgut fermentation and provide steady energy without the starch load of many grains. Research in horses has evaluated beet pulp inclusion for digestibility and metabolic responses, supporting its reputation as a useful “super fiber” for condition, older horses, and horses needing more calories from fiber. It must be introduced gradually and balanced within the full ration. ScienceDirect

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is valued for berberine, a plant alkaloid widely studied for its effects on metabolic pathways involved in glucose and lipid regulation. In experimental and clinical research, berberine has been shown to influence cellular energy metabolism, including activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of glucose and fat metabolism.

Because metabolic balance plays an important role in weight regulation and dietary responses, ingredients containing berberine are often included in nutritional strategies aimed at supporting metabolic resilience. Research has shown that berberine can influence glucose handling and insulin signaling, mechanisms that are relevant in animals prone to metabolic imbalance.

By supporting metabolic pathways linked to energy use and glucose regulation, barberry-derived compounds are increasingly explored as supportive nutritional ingredients in metabolic health programs (Kong et al., 2004; Pirillo & Catapano, 2015; Imenshahidi & Hosseinzadeh, 2016).

Bisabolol is a naturally occurring compound commonly derived from chamomile. It is widely used in skincare formulations for its soothing properties and its ability to support sensitive or irritated skin.

It helps maintain skin comfort by supporting the skin’s natural balance and reducing signs of irritation. This makes it particularly useful in formulations designed for delicate or reactive skin (Nutrients, 2022).

Because of its gentle and calming nature, bisabolol is well suited for use in products intended for frequent use or for animals with sensitive skin, including young animals.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) contains the bioactive compound piperine, which has been studied for its role in enhancing the absorption of nutrients and other bioactive compounds in the body.

Piperine interacts with digestive processes and may influence the uptake of certain nutrients by supporting their bioavailability. This can be relevant in formulations where optimal absorption of key ingredients is important.

By supporting nutrient uptake, piperine contributes to the overall effectiveness of nutritional formulations aimed at maintaining joint health, mobility, and physical resilience (Verhelst, 2025).

Blackcurrantcontainspolyphenols and other plant compounds valued for antioxidant support. In veterinary use, blackcurrant leaf extract has been included in controlled studies evaluating multi-ingredient joint supplements for dogs and cats with osteoarthritis, supporting its positioning for mobility and comfort. As with many botanicals, blackcurrant works best as supportive nutrition rather than a replacement for pain management when needed. dspace.library.uu.nl

Borage oil is derived from the seeds of Borago officinalis and is valued for its high content of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. GLA is involved in lipid metabolism and contributes to maintaining the structural integrity of skin cell membranes.

Healthy skin depends on a balanced lipid barrier that helps retain moisture and protects the body from environmental irritants. Adequate intake of essential fatty acids supports this barrier and contributes to maintaining normal skin condition and coat quality.

Because of its fatty acid composition, borage oil is commonly included in nutritional formulations aimed at supporting skin comfort, coat health, and overall physiological balance in dogs (Verhelst, 2025).

Boswellia is used to support mobility and joint comfort in both dogs and horses because its boswellic acids help maintain a balanced inflammatory response, which can support more comfortable movement. 

In dogs: Boswellia has been studied in osteoarthritis supplements, often as part of multi-ingredient formulas. Some randomized controlled trials report improvements in comfort and mobility based on owner observations and veterinary assessments. It is best used alongside a complete joint plan: healthy body weight, appropriate exercise, and veterinary guidance. Barrouin-Melo et al., 2022, Multicenter RCT, 2025 (Frontiers in Veterinary Science) 

In horses:Boswellia is commonly used to support joints and post-exercise comfort, especially in older horses or those in regular training. While horse-specific clinical studies are more limited than in dogs, its traditionaluseand the known activity ofboswellicacids make it a popular supportive botanical formaintainingfree, comfortable movement. As with dogs, it works best when the basics are right: a balancedration, correct training, good hoof care, and a sensible workload. Vita et al., 2023 (Life, MDPI)

Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a functional yeast ingredient naturally rich in nutrients and yeast-derived compounds such as beta-glucans, mannan-oligosaccharides, and fermentation metabolites. These components are studied for their role in supporting digestive health, immune function, and overall wellbeing in dogs.

In canine studies, Saccharomyces cerevisiae products have been shown to positively influence the gut microbiota, including increased beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, while also supporting immune markers and normal inflammatory balance.

Research in dogs also links Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products to skin and coat support, including effects on skin sebum, antioxidant status, and immune responses. This makes brewer’s yeast especially relevant in formulations aimed at supporting gut health, skin resilience, and coat quality (Jouany et al., 2009; Davenport, 2023; Lin, 2019; Wilson, 2022).

Broccoli and especially broccoli sprouts provide precursors to sulforaphane, a plant compound known for activating the body’s natural “cell protection” systems. This matters for longevity support because sulforaphane helps switch on pathways linked to healthy aging, including antioxidant defenses and normal cell repair processes. 

It can also support hormonal health indirectly by promoting healthy liver detox activity, which is important for how the body processes and clears hormones. In animals, research has shown that sulforaphane from broccoli sprout supplements is absorbed and converted into measurable metabolites after oral intake, meaning they can actually use these compounds. Curran KM et al., 2018, Kubo E et al., 2017; Verhelst, 2025

Burdock root (Arctium lappa) is a botanical ingredient traditionally used in herbal nutrition for its role in supporting skin health and metabolic balance. It contains naturally occurring compounds such as polyphenols and inulin-type fibers.

These compounds have been studied for their involvement in normal metabolic processes and their interaction with the body’s natural detoxification pathways. Supporting these processes contributes to maintaining healthy skin and overall physiological balance.

In addition, burdock root is associated with supporting circulation and nutrient delivery to tissues, which is important for maintaining skin condition and coat quality (Kuhn & Winston, 2015; Pomari et. al., 2013)

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a key role in maintaining strong bones and overall structural support in the body. A healthy skeletal system is important for movement, stability, and joint function.

Beyond its role in bones, calcium is involved in muscle function and nerve signaling, helping support coordinated movement and normal physical activity.

Calcium also plays a role in normal cellular processes, including those involved in skin renewal and tissue maintenance. These processes contribute to maintaining healthy skin and overall physiological balance (Böswald, 2019; British Journal of Nutrition, 2011; Foods, 2025).

Calendula can be used orally as supportive nutrition thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant plant compounds. While calendula is best supported for topical skin use andwound-healingin preclinical models, oral use is positioned as gentle,general supportrather than a proven solution for pet skin conditions. Ejiohuo et al. 2024

Cellulase is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose, one of the primary structural fibers found in plant cell walls. Although herbivorous animals rely largely on microbial fermentation to digest fiber, supplemental enzymes may help support the breakdown of plant material in the digestive tract.

By assisting the breakdown of fiber components, cellulase can help improve the availability of nutrients from plant-based feeds and contribute to overall digestive efficiency.

Because fiber digestion is central to gastrointestinal health in horses, enzymes that support the breakdown of plant material are sometimes included in nutritional strategies aimed at maintaining digestive balance and nutrient utilization.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is a well-known botanical traditionally used for its calming properties. It contains bioactive compounds such as apigenin, a flavonoid that has been studied for its interaction with receptors involved in relaxation and sleep regulation.

These compounds contribute to supporting a calm state and helping the body unwind, which is especially relevant in the evening or during periods of rest.

Chamomile is also associated with gentle digestive support, which can further contribute to overall comfort and relaxation. A relaxed digestive system is closely linked to a more settled and restful state (Veterinary Herbal Medicine, 2007; Verhelst, 2025).

Chicoryroot isrich in inulin-type fibers that act as prebiotics, feeding beneficial gut bacteria. In dog feeding research, chicory root powder has been studied for effects on gut health indicators and immunological status, supporting its use as a digestive-friendly fiber ingredient. For sensitive dogs, prebiotics are often best introduced gradually to avoid gas or loose stools. ScienceDirect

Chlorella is a nutrient-dense freshwater microalgae often described as a “superfood” because it packs a lot of nutrition into a small serving. It naturally provides high-quality protein, a wide range of vitamins and minerals, and antioxidant pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids that support overall vitality. Chlorella is also valued for gentle daily support of digestion and normal detox pathways by helping bind certain compounds in the gut and promoting a balanced intestinal environment. Frontiers

Choline is an essential nutrient involved in several important physiological processes in animals. One of its key roles is serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid that forms part of cell membranes and contributes to maintaining normal cellular structure and function.

Choline is also involved in lipid metabolism. It helps transport fats within the body by supporting the formation of lipoproteins, which are responsible for moving lipids through the bloodstream. Proper lipid metabolism is important for maintaining normal metabolic balance and supporting the function of organs involved in nutrient processing. Kenny et. al., 2025

In addition, choline contributes to the synthesis of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter involved in nerve signaling. Through these roles in cell membrane structure, metabolism, and nervous system function, choline supports normal physiological processes in growing animals as well as in animals with higher nutritional demands. Nutrients, 2020

Because animals cannot always produce sufficient amounts themselves, choline is commonly included in complete nutritional formulations to support cellular health, metabolic balance, and overall physiological function.

Chrysanthellum is a traditional botanical often linked to liver and circulation support, largely because it contains polyphenols and other plant compounds studied for antioxidant activity. Langhi et al. 2024

Co-enzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound found in the mitochondria of cells, where it plays a key role in energy production. It is involved in the process that converts nutrients into usable cellular energy, which is essential for maintaining normal cell function.

In addition to its role in energy metabolism, CoQ10 also acts as an antioxidant. It helps protect cells from oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species, which can affect tissues such as the skin and other rapidly renewing cells.

Because of its dual role in cellular energy production and antioxidant defense, CoQ10 contributes to maintaining overall vitality, skin health, and normal physiological function.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role in energy metabolism and cellular function. It participates in enzymatic reactions involved in DNA synthesis and the formation of red blood cells, which are important for oxygen transport and overall vitality.

Vitamin B12 works closely together with folate in one-carbon metabolism, a pathway involved in the synthesis van nucleic acids and other essential biological molecules. These processes support cellular growth, tissue maintenance, and overall metabolic balance.

In addition, vitamin B12 contributes to normal nervous system function and is involved in pathways linked to mood regulation. Research shows that low vitamin B12 levels are associated with changes in mood and increased signs of stress-related conditions such as anxiety and depression. Maintaining adequate levels therefore supports overall mental balance and resilience (Todorov et al., 2017 ; Stover, 2004; Curely, 2025).

Coconut oil is rich in medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), a type of fat that is absorbed and used for energy more rapidly than many long-chain fats. This makes it a practicaloptionwhen you want an easy-to-use calorie boost for horses without the sugar rush often associated with concentrates. Research suggests that MCT-based diets can shift how the body uses fuel, supporting quick energy availability. Coconut oil may also support skin health. Craig et al., 2003

Collagen is one of the most abundant structural proteins in the body and a key component of connective tissues such as cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and skin. It provides strength, flexibility, and structural support, which are essential for normal movement and tissue integrity.

In joints, collagen is an important part of cartilage, where it contributes to resilience and helps absorb mechanical stress during movement. Supporting collagen availability contributes to maintaining joint structure and mobility.

Collagen is continuously broken down and renewed in the body. Nutritional support can contribute to this natural turnover and to processes involved in tissue repair and extracellular matrix maintenance, which are important for overall musculoskeletal health (Golda et al., 2024; Merkuriusz Lekarski, 2011).

Colostrum contains immunoglobulins and growth factors that can support the gutlining and immune defenses. In dogs, published research has explored its influence on immune function during longer-term feeding, which is why it is often positioned for digestive and immune resilience. It is supportive nutrition, not a substitute for investigating chronic diarrhea, weight loss, or suspected allergies (Satyaraj; 2013; Beynen, 2013; DuBourdieu, 2019).

Cranberry is used to support urinary tract health in dogs and cats because it contains proanthocyanidins (often called PACs) that can make it harder for certain bacteria, especially E. coli, to stick to the bladder wall. When bacteria cannot attach as easily, they are more likely to be flushed out during normal urination. This is why cranberry is mainly positioned for prevention support in pets that are prone to recurring urinary issues, not as a stand-alone solution for an active infection. 

In practice, cranberry works best as part of a broader urinary plan, alongside good hydration and regular toilet breaks for dogs. It should not replace veterinary care if a pet shows signs of a UTI such as frequent urination, straining, accidents, blood in the urine, pain, or lethargy. Cats in particular can have urinary problems that are not bacterial (for example stress-related inflammation), so getting the right diagnosis matters. Chou HI et al., 2016, Olby et al., 2006 

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) is valued in pet nutrition for its naturally high fiber content and balanced nutritional profile. It contains both soluble and insoluble fibers that help support normal digestive processes and contribute to healthy intestinal function.

Soluble fibers can help nourish beneficial gut bacteria, while insoluble fibers support normal intestinal movement and stool consistency. Maintaining a balanced gut microbiome is an important factor in overall digestive health and nutrient absorption.

Pumpkin also provides micronutrients such as beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, together with other vitamins and antioxidants that contribute to overall nutritional balance. Because of these properties, pumpkin is commonly included in dog food formulations to support digestive wellbeing and overall vitality.

Turmeric is used to support joint comfort because curcumin and related compounds help maintain a healthy inflammatory response. In dogs with osteoarthritis, controlled studies and veterinary research are emerging, including trials investigating turmeric-derived ingredients for mobility and comfort outcomes. 

Turmeric can also support digestive health by helping maintain a balanced gut environment. Research suggests curcumin may influence the gut microbiome by supporting beneficial bacteria and helping reduce irritation in the intestinal lining, which can be helpful for overall gut resilience. Springer Nature Link, Frontiers, Scazzocchio et al. 2020, Andrews et. al. 2022

L-cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that plays an important role in cellular metabolism and antioxidant defense. It is a key precursor for the synthesis of glutathione, one of the body’s most important intracellular antioxidants.

Glutathione participates in biochemical pathways involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting normal detoxification processes. Because the liver plays a central role in these metabolic pathways, nutrients involved in glutathione synthesis are often included in nutritional strategies aimed at supporting liver function and metabolic balance.

In animals exposed to environmental stressors, dietary changes, or recovery from illness, maintaining adequate antioxidant capacity can help support normal physiological resilience and cellular health.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a botanical plant traditionally used in herbal nutrition for its supportive effects on digestion and liver metabolism. The plant contains a variety of bioactive compounds including polyphenols, sesquiterpene lactones, and bitter compounds that interact with digestive processes (ScienceDirect).

These compounds have been studied for their ability to support bile production and digestive activity, processes that are closely linked to liver metabolism and nutrient processing. Proper bile flow is important for fat digestion and for maintaining normal metabolic balance in the body (Veterinary Herbal Medicine, 2007).

Because of its traditional use and nutritional composition, dandelion is sometimes included in equine formulations aimed at supporting digestive function, metabolic balance, and overall physiological resilience.

Diglycerides are naturally occurring lipid molecules composed of glycerol and two fatty acids. They are intermediate products in fat digestion and are commonly present in dietary fats and oils. In nutrition, they serve as a source of fatty acids that contribute to cellular metabolism and energy supply.

Lipids also play an important role in the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins A, D, and E, which are involved in maintaining connective tissues and joint health. Adequate lipid availability can therefore support the effective uptake of these nutrients in the body.

Because fatty acids contribute to normal cellular structure and metabolic balance, diglycerides are sometimes included in nutritional formulations designed to support joint tissues, connective structures, and overall physiological function in animals. (K. Lanchais, 2020)

Disodium cocoyl glutamate is a gentle, amino acid-based surfactant derived from coconut fatty acids and glutamic acid. It is known for its mild cleansing properties and skin-friendly profile.

Unlike harsher cleansers, it effectively removes dirt and impurities without disrupting the skin’s natural barrier or microbiome. This helps maintain skin comfort and prevents dryness or irritation.

Because of its gentle nature, it is particularly suitable for sensitive skin and for frequent use, including in young animals (Bezerra, 2023; Su, 2025).

Enterococcus faecium is a probiotic bacterium commonly used in animal nutrition to support the balance of the gut microbiome. It contributes to maintaining a stable population of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract.

A balanced microbiome plays an important role in digestion, as it helps break down nutrients and supports the normal function of the intestinal environment. In dogs, supplementation with E. faecium has been studied for its effects on gut health, including improvements in microbial balance and digestive stability (Bybee et al., 2011; Microorganisms, 2022).

By supporting the intestinal environment, this probiotic strain can contribute to maintaining normal stool quality and overall digestive comfort, especially in animals with sensitive digestion (Benyacoub et al., 2003).

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) is a botanical rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, alkylamides, and polysaccharides. These compounds have been studied for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties (Burlou-Nagy et al., 2022).

Through its interaction with the immune system, echinacea supports normal immune responses and contributes to maintaining overall physiological balance. A well-functioning immune system plays an important role in skin health, as it helps the body respond to external challenges.

Echinacea is also studied for its dermatological relevance, with research suggesting that its bioactive compounds contribute to maintaining skin condition and resilience. These combined properties make it a valuable ingredient in formulations aimed at supporting both immune function and skin health (Verhelst, 2025).

Horsetail is naturally rich in silica, which is why it is traditionally used to support connective tissue such asligaments,hooves, skin, andcoat. Springer Nature Link

Evening primrose oil is a plant-derived oil known for its high content of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid involved in skin barrier metabolism. GLA plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of skin lipids that help protect the skin from environmental stressors (Veterinary Herbal Medicine, 2007).

In dogs with sensitive or reactive skin, maintaining adequate fatty acid intake can contribute to supporting the natural protective function of the skin barrier. Healthy skin lipids help maintain moisture and support normal skin comfort.

Because of its fatty acid composition, evening primrose oil is often included in nutritional strategies aimed at supporting skin condition and coat quality in animals with sensitive skin. Verhelst, 2025

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is an essential nutrient involved in DNA synthesis and cellular division. These biological processes are particularly important during periods of rapid cell growth, such as reproduction and fetal development.

Folate participates in one-carbon metabolism together with nutrients such as vitamin B12 and choline. These metabolic pathways are involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids and contribute to normal cellular growth and tissue formation. The Journal of Nutrition

Because of its role in cell division and development, folic acid is commonly included in nutritional strategies aimed at supporting reproductive physiology and healthy development during pregnancy.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a botanical root widely used in nutritional and herbal formulations for its bioactive compounds, including gingerols and shogaols. These compounds have been studied for their role in supporting digestive and metabolic processes.

In the digestive system, ginger is associated with supporting normal gastric activity and digestive comfort. A well-functioning digestive system is important for nutrient absorption and maintaining a balanced gut environment, which is especially relevant for animals with sensitive digestion.

Ginger is also linked to processes involved in bile production and flow. Bile plays a key role in digestion and contributes to the processing of dietary fats and metabolic by-products. Supporting these natural processes helps maintain normal liver and digestive function (Williams & Lamprecht, 2008; BenthamDirect).

Glucosamine is a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide that serves as a building block for glycosaminoglycans and other structural molecules in the body. Glycosaminoglycans are important components of connective tissues such as cartilage and also contribute to the structure of mucosal surfaces throughout the body.

These molecules help maintain the strength, elasticity, and structural integrity of connective tissues. In biological systems, glucosamine participates in pathways that support the synthesis and maintenance of these structural components, which are essential for maintaining normal tissue function.

Glycosaminoglycans and related molecules also contribute to the protective mucosal layers found in the gastrointestinal tract. These layers help maintain barrier integrity and support the interaction between the intestinal lining and the microbiome, which is important for digestive stability and overall physiological balance.

Because of its role as a structural precursor in connective tissues and mucosal systems, glucosamine is often included in nutritional formulations aimed at supporting tissue maintenance, gastrointestinal integrity, and overall physiological resilience. ScienceDirect

L-glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that plays an important role in cellular metabolism and tissue maintenance. It is one of the most abundant amino acids in the body and serves as a key fuel source for rapidly dividing cells, including intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells.

In muscle tissue, glutamine participates in nitrogen transport and amino acid metabolism, processes that are involved in muscle protein turnover and recovery following physical activity. Because of this role in cellular metabolism, glutamine is commonly studied in relation to exercise, recovery, and metabolic support.

Glutamine also contributes to maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, as intestinal cells rely on it as an energy source. For this reason, it is often included in nutritional strategies aimed at supporting both digestive health and overall physiological resilience (M. I. Lindinger, 2020).