Ectropion in dogs is an eye condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards, which can lead to chronic eye irritation and inflammation. It is particularly common in breeds with loose skin folds, such as the Bloodhound, St Bernard and Basset Hound. In some cases, it is a hereditary condition, whilst in others it can be caused by trauma or ageing. Symptoms include watery and dry eyes, redness and excessive tear production, which can lead to secondary infections. Treatment ranges from eye ointments and artificial tears to surgical procedures for severe cases. In this article, we discuss the causes, symptoms and treatment options for ectropion in dogs and answer some of the most frequently asked questions.
What are the causes of ectropion in dogs?
Ectropion in dogs can be caused by genetic, physiological or external factors. The most common causes are:
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Genetic predisposition: Breeds such as the Bloodhound, St Bernard, Basset Hound, Mastiff and Cocker Spaniel have loose skin and longer eyelids due to their genetic makeup, which increases the risk of ectropion.
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Congenital abnormalities: Some puppies are born with eyelids that are too long or floppy and do not fit snugly against the eyeball.
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Ageing: As the dog gets older, the eyes and eyelids can become lax, leading to ectropion.
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Injury or scarring: Trauma to the eyelid or previous surgery (such as entropion correction) can cause ectropion.
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Neurological disorders: Paralysis of the facial nerve can lead to drooping of the eyelid.
Which dog breeds are most at risk of ectropion?
The dog breeds most prone to ectropion are:
| Breed |
Risk of ectropion |
| Bloodhound |
Very high |
| Basset Hound |
Very high |
| St Bernard |
High |
| Cocker Spaniel |
High |
| Mastiff |
Tall |
| Labrador Retriever |
Medium |
| Golden Retriever |
Medium |
What are the symptoms of ectropion in dogs?
Dogs with ectropion usually display the following clinical symptoms:
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Drooping eyelids: The lower eyelid hangs loosely, exposing the pink conjunctiva.
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Excessive tear production: Because the eyelid is open, tears evaporate too quickly, leading to excessive tearing or dry eyes.
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Redness and inflammation: The eyelids may become red and inflamed due to constant irritation from dust and bacteria.
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Mucus discharge and eye infections: Due to insufficient protection of the eyes, there may be regular purulent or mucous discharge
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Sensitivity to light: Some dogs squint or avoid bright light due to painful and irritated eyes.
How can you recognise ectropion in your dog?
To recognise ectropion in your dog, look out for the following signs:
| Observation |
Possible indication of ectropion |
| Pink conjunctiva visible |
Yes |
| Excessive tearing |
Yes |
| Redness and irritation |
Yes |
| Discharge from the eye |
Yes |
| Squinting |
Sometimes |
Have you noticed one or more of these symptoms? If so, consult a veterinarian for a thorough diagnosis.
How is ectropion diagnosed in dogs?
Ectropion is usually diagnosed through a visual examination by a veterinarian. If necessary, a specialist veterinarian (veterinary ophthalmologist) may carry out additional tests, such as:
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Fluorescein staining: To check for corneal damage caused by dryness or debris build-up.
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Schirmer test: Measuring tear production to assess whether the eye remains sufficiently hydrated.
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Slit-lamp examination: Inspection of the eyelids and cornea to detect further damage.
When should you take your dog to the veterinarian for ectropion?
You should take your dog to the veterinarian immediately if your dog:
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Squints or looks askew with one or both eyes.
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Has excessive tearing or a pus-like discharge.
- Shows signs of pain in bright light.
- Has chronic eye irritation or infections
What are the possible treatments for ectropion in dogs?
Treatment for ectropion varies depending on the severity of the condition.
Can ectropion heal on its own?
In mild cases or in young dogs, ectropion may improve spontaneously as the dog grows. However, persistent symptoms require medical treatment.
What non-surgical treatments are available?
In cases of mild ectropion, the following non-invasive treatments may help:
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Artificial tears to prevent dryness.
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Antibiotic eye ointments for infections.
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Anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling.
What does surgical treatment for ectropion involve?
In severe cases, surgery is required. The most commonly used techniques are:
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Wedge resection: Removal of a small piece of skin to tighten the eyelid.
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Hotz-Celsus correction: Restoring the eyelid position through surgical shortening.
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A combination of techniques in complex cases.
These procedures are performed under general anaesthesia and have a recovery period of 10–14 days.
What are the risks of surgery for ectropion?
Possible complications include:
- Eyelids that are too tight after the operation.
- Insufficient correction, requiring a second operation.
- Post-operative infections or irritations that require treatment with medication.
Can ectropion in dogs be prevented?
Ectropion cannot always be prevented, but you can reduce the risk of complications by:
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Responsible breeding choices: Only breed with healthy parent animals without ectropion.
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Regular eye checks: Especially in high-risk breeds.
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Protection against trauma: Prevent eye injuries caused by rough play or contact with sharp objects.
Is ectropion in dogs hereditary?
Yes, in breeds with loose skin folds, ectropion is often congenital and genetically determined.
Conclusion
Ectropion in dogs is a common eye condition, particularly in breeds with loose skin and long eyelids. The condition can cause mild to severe symptoms, such as watery eyes, redness and inflammation. Treatment depends on the severity and ranges from eye ointments and drops to surgical correction. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as eye infections and permanent damage. If you suspect your dog has ectropion, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible.
